Socio-Clinical and Immuno-Inflammatory-Related Differences Between Early-Onset and Late onset Colorectal Cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtmbr.v7i2.5Keywords:
Haematological indices, Gastrointestinal cancer, Immune cells, chemotherapy, Southern NigeriaAbstract
Introduction: This study aimed to identify socio-clinical and immuno-inflammatory markers of earlyonset colorectal cancer (CRC) for early detection of aggressive cancer in Southern Nigeria.
Material and Methods: This study included 89 patients with CRC diagnosed from Jan. 2016 to Dec. 2022. The patients were sub-grouped based on age and chemotherapy response. The neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelets-neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (PNLR), and neutrophils-to-lymphocytes platelets ratio (NLPR) were assessed and analyzed accordingly. Significance was set at p< 0.05.
Results: Metastatic and stage III/IV CRCs were prevalent among patients older than 50 years compared with patients aged 50 years or less (p< 0.05). Among patients aged > 50 years, the pre-treatment (pre-T) to post-treatment (post-T) total white blood cell count (TWBC), neutrophils, monocytes, and NLPR significantly increased whereas the post-T lymphocyte count and LMR significantly declined (p< 0.05). The Post-T TWBC count was significantly higher among patients aged > 50 years (14.20 ± 4.50 10^9 /L) compared with patients 50 years old or younger (9.19 ± 1.50 10^9 /L) whereas the Post-T monocyte count and LMR were lower among the former (9.12 ± 2.33 and 2.87 ± 0.60) than the post-T values of patients who were ≤50 years old (11.81 ± 3.57 and 6.76 ± 3.92) at p= 0.033, 0.026, and 0.001, respectively.
Conclusion: This study revealed a higher frequency of CRC and mortality risk among patients older than 50 years. It suggests that SIII could be used as a prognostic tool for CRC.
References
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209-49. Doi: 10.3322/caac.21660
Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 2017;66(4):683-91. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310912
Alatise OI, Knapp GC, Bebington B, Ayodeji P, Dare A, Constable J, et al. Racial Differences in the Phenotype of Colorectal Cancer: A Prospective Comparison Between Nigeria and South Africa. World J Surg. 2022;46:47-53. Doi: 10.1007/s00268-021-06304-z
Irabor DO, Afuwape OO, Ayandipo OO. The present status of the management of colon and rectal cancer in Nigeria. J Cancer Res. 2014. Doi: 10.1155/2014/267190.
Alatise OI, Kingham TP. African Research Group for Oncology and MSKCC Global Cancer Disparity Initiative team. Abstract LB-327: Colorectal cancer in Nigeria: High tech and low-tech approaches to improving patient outcomes. Cancer Res. 2019;79(13_Supplement):LB-327. Doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2019-LB-327
Irabor DO, Oluwasola OA, Ogunbiyi OJ, Ogun OG, Okolo CA, Melas M, et al. Microsatellite instability is common in colorectal cancer in native Nigerians. Anticancer Res. 2017;37(5):2649-54. Doi: 10.21873/anticanres.11612.
Tejpar S, Stintzing S, Ciardiello F, Tabernero J, Van Cutsem E, Beier F, et al. Prognostic and predictive relevance of primary tumor location in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: retrospective analyses of the CRYSTAL and FIRE-3 trials. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(2):194-201. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.3797
Kim K, Castro EJ, Shim H, Advincula JVG, Kim YW. Differences regarding the molecular features and gut microbiota between right and left colon cancer. Ann Coloproctol. 2018;34(6):280. Doi: 10.3393%2Fac.2018.12.17
Guo D, Li X, Xie A, Cao Q, Zhang J, Zhang F, et al. Differences in oncological outcomes and inflammatory biomarkers between right‐sided and left‐sided stage I‐III colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34(4):e23132. Doi: 10.1002/jcla.23132
Pérez-Martelo M, González-García A, Vidal-Ínsua Y, Blanco-Freire C, Brozos-Vázquez EM, Abdulkader-Nallib I, et al. Clinical significance of baseline Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value and its dynamics in metastatic colorectal cancer patients under first-line chemotherapy. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):6893. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10884-8
Rossi S, Basso M, Strippoli A, Schinzari G, D'Argento E, Larocca M, et al. Are markers of systemic inflammation good prognostic indicators in colorectal cancer?. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2017;16(4):264-74. doi: 10.1016/j.clcc.2017.03.015.
Yamamoto T, Kawada K, Obama K. Inflammation-related biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(15):8002. Doi: 10.3390/ijms22158002
Watanabe H, Okada M, Kaji Y, Satouchi M, Sato Y, Yamabe Y, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours-revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer Chemother. 2009;36(13):2495-501.
Saluja S, Alatise OI, Adewale A, Misholy J, Chou J, Gonen M, et al. A comparison of colorectal cancer in Nigerian and North American patients: is the cancer biology different? Surg. 2014;156(2):305-10. Doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2014.03.036
Edino ST, Mohammed AZ, Chicha O. Characteristics of colorectal carcinoma in Kano. Nigeria: An analysis of 50 cases. Nig J Med. 2005;14(2):161-6.
Holowatyj AN, Maude AS, Musa HS, Adamu A, Ibrahim S, Abdullahi, A et al. Patterns of early-onset colorectal cancer among Nigerians and African Americans. JCO Global Oncol. 2020;6:1647-55. Doi:10.1200%2FGO.20.00272
Theyra-Enias H, Tumba N, Popoola OB. Management and outcome of colorectal cancer in a resource-limited setting: Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. Nig J Clin Prac. 2022;25(6):923-30. Doi:10.4103/njcp.njcp_1948_21
Irabor DO. Diet, environmental factors and increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in Nigeria. Ann Nig Med. 2014;8(2):58-64. DOI: 10.4103/0331-3131.153353
Marx O, Mankarious M, Yochum G. Molecular genetics of early-onset colorectal cancer. World J Biol Chem. 2023;14(2):13. doi: 10.4331/wjbc.v14.i2.13
Sharma A, Alatise OI, Adisa AO, Arowolo, OA, Olasehinde O, Famurewa, OC, et al. Treatment of colorectal cancer in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Results from a prospective Nigerian hospital registry. J Surg Oncol. 2020;121(2):342-9. Doi: 10.1002/jso.25768
Li Y, Jia H, Yu W, Xu Y, Li X, Li, Q, et al. Nomograms for predicting prognostic value of inflammatory biomarkers in colorectal cancer patients after radical resection. Int J cancer. 2016;139(1):220-31. Doi: 10.1002/ijc.30071
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 African Journal of Tropical Medicine and Biomedical Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
COPYRIGHT LICENSE
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
International Public License
Section 1 -- Definitions.
a. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
b. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
c. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
d. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
e. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
f. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
g. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
h. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
i. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
j. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
k. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.
Section 2 -- Scope.
a. License grant.
- Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
a. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
b. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
-
Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
-
Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
-
Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
-
Downstream recipients.
a. Offer from the Licensor -- Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
b. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
- No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).
b. Other rights.
-
Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
-
Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
-
To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.
Section 3 -- License Conditions.
Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.
a. Attribution.
- If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:
a. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
i. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
ii. a copyright notice;
iii. a notice that refers to this Public License;
iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
b. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
c. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
-
You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
-
If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.
Section 4 -- Sui Generis Database Rights.
Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:
a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.
Section 5 -- Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.
a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
c. The disclaimer of warranties and
limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.
Section 6 -- Term and Termination.
a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.
b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:
-
automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
-
upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
d. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.
Section 7 -- Other Terms and Conditions.
a. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.
Section 8 -- Interpretation.
a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
c. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
d. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.
How to Cite
